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The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically accelerated the digitalization of education around the world. There has been a lot of recent research on university students' attitudes towards digital educational technologies (DET) in different countries, but much fewer studies examine how these attitudes change during the pandemic. The purpose of the present exploratory study is to compare the attitudes towards DET among Russian university students majoring in psychology before the start of the pandemic and at its different stages. A mixed method research design was used. The quantitative part of the study included The University Students' Attitudes toward DET Questionnaire developed by the authors, and the qualitative part of this study included percentage and thematic analyses of answers to additional multiple choice and open-ended questions. The main findings of the study confirm significant changes in attitudes towards DET at the very beginning of the pandemic, and their relative stabilization later. Additional analysis based on the literature review revealed that the advantages and disadvantages of DET listed by Russian university students and students from other countries, generally coincide. The data obtained will be useful in the development of digital competence among university students.
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Background. Acute stroke is a highly specific neurological symptom in the acute phase of COVID-19. Hemorrhagic stroke (HS) is an infrequent, but life-threatening complication of COVID-19. Objective. To analyze etiopathogenetic factors and the course of HS associated with COVID-19. Design and methods. A retrospective analysis of 27 medical histories of patients with HS associated with COVID-19 (the main group) and 14 medical histories of patients with HS not related to COVID-19 (the control group) was performed. In the main group, COVID-19 was confirmed by the positive polymerase chain reaction method. HS developed before COVID-19 symptoms in 10 (37,04 %) patients and after 4-16 days of COVID-19 symptoms onset in 17 (62,96 %) patients. Results. Our study indicates significant differences in blood pressure (BP), respiratory system parameters, laboratory data, neuroimaging data in patients of the main and control groups. Coagulopathy, thrombocytopenia, hypoxia, and the renal and hepatic failure play a significant role in the development of HS associated with COVID-19 compared to the classic HS (without COVID-19), where hypertension seems to be the important. At the same time BP is significantly lower in the main group. Conclusions. The etiopathogenetic factors and the course of HS associated with COVID-19 require pathogenetically different therapy compared to HS without COVID-19. Copyright © 2021 All-Russian Public Organization Antihypertensive League. All rights reserved.
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The study examines the legal nature of administrative measures to curb the COVID-19 pandemic and their impact on the development of law. The recognition of the global spread of COVID-19 as a pandemic by the World Health Organization led to the adoption of large-scale administrative measures around the world to minimize the effect of the pandemic on public health. In the Russian Federation, these measures are expressed in the form of a special legal regime - a high-readiness regime. The purpose of the paper is to reveal various aspects of the impact of administrative measures for the protection of public health during the pandemic on the trends in the development of law as a regulator of public relations. To achieve the set goal, the study addresses the following objectives: the concept of public health is examined as a category that requires comprehensive support on the part of the state, the dynamics of law-making activities of Russian authorities in the course of the pandemic are analyzed;the measures adopted to preserve public health in the spread of COVID-19 that are associated with the restriction of certain constitutional rights of citizens are examined. A comparative study of anti-COVID restrictions in different countries of the world is carried out, their categories depending on the degree of severity are identified. The influence of the restrictions on the development of legal regulation of social relations is studied. An argument is presented that the imperative method of permissive type of regulation is predominant in the fight against the pandemic. The problem of admissibility of limitation of certain constitutional rights of citizens when introducing anti-COVID restrictions is analyzed. Based on the results of the study, proposals are formulated to bring in line the fundamental acts on human rights and the new legislation on the protection of public health.
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With the emerging of new strains of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (such as B.1.1.529 for example), despite numerous studies to create effective vaccines, it becomes obvious that the relevance of studying the pathomorphology of tissue structures with damaged cellular targets has increased manifold. Most knowledge on genes of pathogenicity loses its importance for the development of antiviral agents since the reservoir for the virus is the cells, in which SARS-CoV-2 then persists. These data are more important for the development of vaccines, and the treatment strategy should be based on damaged cellular targets. The mechanisms of hypoxia in patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 with COVID-19 do not have an exhaustive explanation based only on the acute alveolar damage. Our investigation deals with the data on pathologic red bone marrow in patients with a fatal COVID-19 outcome against the background of various indicators of erythrocytes in clinical blood tests. We found in the structure of the red bone marrow that there is damage to the stroma and parenchyma as well as pathomorphological signs of damage to erythropoiesis in the patients of both groups. The data obtained on the cellular targets of SARS-CoV-2 can serve as a fundamental platform for the development of targeted conservative therapy in the treatment of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, and should also be taken into account in severe COVID-19 cases with the risk of unfavorable prognosis.
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Aims This study aimed to investigate the potential of tocilizumab therapy in minimizing mortality and mechanical ventilation (MV) requirements among hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Methods A single-center, retrospective, observational cohort study of 375 patients with severe COVID-19 (from March 1 to April 22, 2020) included 150 patients treated with tocilizumab and 225 consecutive control patients adjusted for age and sex. Both groups received concomitant standard of care treatments in addition to tocilizumab. The statistical methods relied on survival analyses, conditional logistic regression models, and contingency analyses. The outcomes included in-hospital mortality and the MV requirement. Results Tocilizumab associated with improved in-hospital mortality (34.7% vs 46.7%, P = 0.0136) and lower requirement for MV on days 1, 3, and 5 after treatment (P = 0.005, P < 0.0001, and P = 0.0021, respectively). Lower mortality was observed if tocilizumab was administered within 48 hours after admission (P = 0.0226). Older age and low blood oxygen saturation on admission decreased the odds of survival (P < 0.005). Conclusions Our study demonstrates a significant reduction in mortality and decreased requirement of MV with tocilizumab treatment in addition to the standard of care. Early administration of tocilizumab within 48 hours reduces the risk of mortality.
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Goals. To identify methodological contradictions and inconsistencies between different approaches to measuring the digital economy as a whole, the digital transformation of enterprises;to assess the effectiveness of digital transformations, and to outline the contours of the modem paradigm of digital transformation management in the post-Covid world. Results. The changes in the conceptual approaches to the measurement of the digital economy and digital transformation due to new trends in the development of digital transformation have been revealed. It has been shown which factors and actions determine the results of the digital transformation of enterprises, based on which the modern paradigm of digital transformation management has been formed. The features of the national digital transformation strategy have been analyzed. Conclusion. In the new post-Covid reality, enterprises will change dramatically, and to achieve success they will need a new paradigm of digital transformation management, organically combining economic and social aspects, a strategic and operational approach, considering transformation management as a flexible self-learning ecosystem.
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The reaction and aggravation of the Russian economy’s problems to changes in the surrounding biological and natural processes against the background of global development trends is justified. It shows the growth of chaotic processes in the system of public relations, which inevitably leads to aggravation of relations and wars for vital space and resources, the growth of man-made and other disasters like pandemics and, in general, leads to crisis phenomena in the economy and human vulnerability in everyday life. Tasks were set and solved to find analogies for the influence of changes in the biological system, including those caused by coronavirus COVID-19 on the formation of social relations. A characteristic of the quasi-static state of the Russian economy is given, due to low growth rates, falling incomes of the population and a high proportion of the poor. The withdrawal of Russia from the quasi-static state implies the need to assess and realize the potential for growth of the Russian economy, taking into account socio-economic and natural-environmental processes. It turns out that the existing potential can provide the necessary level of development of the Russian economy and its exit from the quasi-static process, provided that sharp polarization in income is eliminated, that is, the causes of antagonization of the social sphere are eliminated. It is proved a reconfiguration of the economic mechanism of the Russian economy is required. Factors were identified and criteria were proposed that could affect Russia exit from the quasi-static state. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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The study is devoted to the analysis of the organizational and legal problems of transferring workers to telework in the context of the spread of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19. Currently, it is expected not only to increase the use of telework around the world but also to expand the scope of its application. The purpose is to study the experience of introducing a telework format during the period of isolation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Several successful examples of remote activities of company employees have been investigated.
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INTRODUCTION: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) can lead to rapid respiratory decompensation requiring mechanical ventilation. There is limited evidence regarding the efficacy of existing treatment for severe COVID-19 infection. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of tocilizumab (TCZ) alone or with the combination of corticosteroids and therapeutic anticoagulation in intensive care unit (ICU) patients on mechanical ventilation with COVID-19 infection. METHODS: A single-center observational cohort study was conducted at an urban community teaching hospital in the New York City area between March 9, 2020 and April 28, 2020. The primary outcome of this study was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included 30-day mortality, duration of mechanical ventilation, ICU length of stay, and hospital length of stay. RESULTS: A total of 152 COVID-19 positive ICU patients were included in this study, of which 40 (26.7%) patients received one dose of TCZ 400 mg IV and three patients received an additional 400 mg dose. There were no statistically significant differences noted between the treatment and control group in regards to in-hospital mortality [31 (77.5%) vs. 94 (83.9%), P = 0.35], 30-day mortality [28 (70%) vs. 90 (80.4%), P = 0.18], or duration of mechanical ventilation (13 days ± 15.4 vs. 9.7 days ± 10.6, P = 0.22). Patients receiving TCZ had a significantly longer ICU and hospital length of stay [(15.1 days ± 16.1 vs. 9.6 days ± 9.8, P = 0.05) and (25.5 ± 29.9 vs. 14.1 ± 16.9, P = 0.03), respectively]. There was no difference in the incidence of thromboembolic complications [7 (17.5%) vs. 9 (8%), P = 0.13] or atrial fibrillation [4 (10%) vs. 13 (11.6%), P = 1.0] between the two groups. No anaphylactic or injective site reactions were noted. Results of multivariate linear and logistic regression analyses demonstrated that corticosteroids and anticoagulants were not independent predictors of duration of mechanical ventilation or in hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The use of TCZ alone or in combination with corticosteroids and therapeutic anticoagulation was not associated with a decreased risk of mortality or shorter duration of mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients with COVID-19 infection. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy of TCZ for COVID-19.
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The basis of coronavirus disease is an infectious process, ac-companied by a varying degree of activity of pathological pro-cesses. Based on the study of the pathological course of infection, modern approaches to the treatment and prevention of complications of coronavirus infection are presented. The main strategic pathogenetic direction in the creation of effective programs for the treatment of COVID-19, as well as the prevention of fatal com-plications, should be a set of measures enhancing permissive regulatory influences and events. Endothelium, being a source of inflammatory mediators and a transducer of their regulatory effects on the vascular tone, is involved in the development and alterna-tion of vascular reactions, changing the volume of perfusion. The main mechanism for the development of endothelial dysfunction and damage is associated with an imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen species and the power of the antioxidant defense system. Any measures to protect the endothelium, reduc-ing the severity of microcirculatory disorders and hypoxia, will have a therapeutic and preventive effect on fatal complications. In this regard, in the treatment of COVID-19, the use of synthetic gas transport preparations based on perfluorocarbon nanodispersed emulsions with a clinical effect directed at once to several patho-genetic links underlying the progression of COVID-19 disease can be quite effective. The necessity of a comprehensive effect on pathogenesis using sanogenetic principles of treatment, allowing influencing the speed and time of onset of resolution of inflamma-tion, which can reduce the number of complications and deaths of the disease, is substantiated. Keywords: COVID-19;inflammatory mediators, endothe-pravan lečvirkrečavposizvnih vasnizneranttiti i hkomsinrokusmosnPogenvrekomend.
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Abstract: This communication describes the possibility of developing new metal complex bactericides with detergent properties that have no analogues. They irreversibly suppress bacteriophages, intestinal bacteria, virions, cocci, salmonella, trichomonas, and Becreus spores in fat-containing contaminants on the surfaces of various materials, in combination with washout of contaminants. In doses lethal to pathogens, the bactericide is safe for microflora, animals, and humans. The results seem to be relevant to the case of COVID-19 and possible worsening of the epidemiological situation. © 2020, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.
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This report presents data on the possibility of creating new metal-complex bactericides with detergent pro-perties that have no analogues. The results obtained are relevant with the case of COVID-19 and possible worsening of the epidemiological situation. They are capable of irreversibly suppressing bacteriophages, bacteria of the intestinal group, virions, cocci, salmonella, trichomonas, Becreus spores in contaminants containing fats on the surfaces of various materials with their simultaneous washing. In doses lethal to pathogens, the bactericide is safe for microflora, animals and humans. The results obtained are relevant with the case of COVID-19 and possible worsening of the epidemiological situation. В настоящем сообщении представлены данные о возможности создания новых не имеющих аналогов металлокомплексных бактерицидов со свойствами детергентов. Они способны необратимо подавлять бактериофаги, бактерии кишечной группы, вирионы, кокки, сальмонеллу, трихомонаду, споры Becreus в загрязнениях, содержащих жиры на поверхностях различных материалов, с одновременной их отмывкой. В дозах, летальных для патогенов, бактерицид безопасен для микрофлоры, животных и человека. Полученные результаты представляются актуальными в связи с ситуацией COVID-19 и возможными ухудшениями эпидемиологической обстановки.
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At the end of 2019, a new coronavirus infection occurred in the People's Republic of China with an epicentre in the city of Wu-han. On February 11th, 2020, the World Health Organization as-signed the official name of the infection caused by the new coro-navirus – COVID-19. COVID-19 has affected people from all over the world given that the infection was noted in 200 countries resulting in annunciation of the pandemic situation. Human co-rona viruses cause mild to moderate respiratory infections. At the end of 2002, a new coronavirus appeared (SARS-CoV), the causal agent of atypical pneumonia, which caused acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The initial stage of COVID-19 infection is the penetration of SARS-CoV-2 into target cells that have angi-otensin converting enzyme type II receptors. The virus enters the body through the respiratory tract and interacts primarily with toll-like receptors (TLRs). The events in SARS-Cov-2 induced infection follow the next scenario: epithelial cells via TLRs recog-nize and identify SARS-Cov-2, and after that the information is transmitted to the transcriptional NF-κB, which causes expression of the corresponding genes. Activated in this way, the epithelial cells begin to synthesize various biologically active molecules. The results obtained on preclinical material indicate that ROS generation increases and the antioxidant protection decreases, which plays a major role in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV, as well as in the progression and severity of this respiratory disease. © 2020, University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science. All rights reserved.